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5. HQ-9 (China)
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Combining components of Russian S-300 technology with domestic innovation, China's HQ-9 reflects Beijing's most sophisticated long-range air defence system. Using modern phased array radar for detection and tracking, the system can engage targets at ranges up to 200 kilometres and heights of 30 kilometres. Active radar homing guidance and ability to intercept a variety of targets—from aeroplanes to cruise missiles—allow HQ-9's missiles Digital signal processing and frequency-hopping features of the system offer strong resilience against electronic warfare. Improved capabilities against ballistic missiles and stealth aircraft are among recent variations.
